Geschrieben von: Viktor Vetturelli, Mitbegründer von qohubs
In der Diskussion über die Effektivität von Führung in den heutigen, äußerst herausfordernden Zeiten für die globale Wirtschaft wird zunächst die folgende Frage aufgeworfen: ‚Welche Art von Führung benötigen wir in diesen Zeiten?‘ Um diese Frage zu beantworten, müssen wir die Funktion und Aufgabe der Führung klar definieren. Wenn eine Gruppe von Managern gefragt wird, was die Funktion der Führung ist, lautet die übliche Antwort, dass es darum geht, den Erfolg des Unternehmens sicherzustellen.
However, management guru Peter Drucker sees it differently. In his opinion, the task of leadership is to ensure the survival of the company. This perspective opens up new possibilities for understanding the functioning of the organization and its relationship to the market, and it reduces the pressure to constantly focus on short-term profitability.
Führung, das bekannte Unbekannte
On one hand, a firm hand is sought, a leader who inspires, motivates, provides support to employees, and communicates clearly about where to go. On the other hand, there is a faction that advocates the view that right now all employees must take responsibility. Flat hierarchien, agile oder geteilte Führung sind nur einige der Ansätze in der Welt der ’neuen Arbeitsweisen‘, die als Lösungen genannt werden. Ein aktuelles Beispiel dafür ist die Bayer AG, ein traditionelles globales Unternehmen, das mehrere Management- und Koordinationsstufen in einem großen Transformationsprozess abbaut, um ein ‚Eigenverantwortungsgefühl‘ unter den Mitarbeitern zu wecken, wie CEO Bill Anderson erklärt. Und das nicht nur deklarativ – Bayer schafft Strukturen, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ganz im Einklang mit Druckers Sichtweise, um das Überleben des Unternehmens zu sichern.
But Bayer is still an exception because discussions in companies usually do not go beyond slogans. There is little critical thinking about leadership, and discussions mainly revolve around the characteristics of leaders. However, the discourse on leadership that places the individual at the center is one-dimensional. This lack of serious engagement with leadership is one of the main reasons why the topic of leadership has become a lucrative business that periodically presents alleged new, promising remedies to companies and their leaders.
Zurück zu den Grundlagen
The first step towards a clearer understanding of the concept of leadership is its division into several levels: leading oneself, leading employees, team leadership, and organizational leadership. Each level has its own context and focus. Although this sounds simple and every manager would think it is clear, this step is often overlooked in common thinking. The consequence is an inability to quickly and effectively adapt to the dynamics that develop at different levels and between them.
The role of leadership often boils down to the question: ‚How can I become even more effective as a leader?‘ Business magazines have been offering articles for decades with approaches that guarantee success, motivate, and develop employees, but only if one follows exactly a certain five, seven, or nine steps. Anyone who has ever held a leadership position knows that people cannot be forced to learn or develop if that drive does not come from within. This also applies to motivation. Attempts to motivate from the outside are always short-lived and often counterproductive.
Toyota offers a different approach. Toyota’s great CEO Tajiichi Ohno was known for not giving advice to managers who came to him with a problem. Instead, he sent them to the site of the problem to observe the process for two weeks, gain new insights, and develop possible solutions. Ohno did not see his role as a leader who thinks for others or has the task of developing people, but as someone who enables others the necessary time and space to develop new knowledge and competencies. This approach is based on two fundamental assumptions: trust in employees that they can think, learn, and communicate independently, and the understanding that problems in operational business are often overestimated when considering the company’s long-term survival.
Führung als zirkulärer Prozess
For leadership to be effective at other levels, employee leadership, team leadership, and organizational leadership, a dimension of leadership as a process is added. Public discourse on leadership usually deals with leading employees. However, when we observe organizations, leadership is only partially a hierarchical process, from formally higher positions to subordinates; it is also a circular process between people in the organization, between leading and following. It is a constant circular process of analyzing, deciding, and implementing.
Simplistically illustrated, we can imagine Luka Modrić. When we observe him, according to his head and eye movements, we see how he constantly analyzes the field (with or without the ball), then decides which action should follow, and the team implements that decision or does not implement it. In doing so, he is aware that each unit of players, defense, midfield, or attack has its own dynamics and self-management. This is important because every system, whether a person, team, or organization, manages itself and reacts to external influences (disturbances) depending on the structure. Therefore, the effect of external management is very limited if the dynamics within and between these levels are not taken into account.
